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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.342
6. Which LAN technology should I use? Arcnet? FDDI? Token Ring? 10BASE-T?
A controversial question. Some questions & answers from
the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"When you install a LAN, which "Technology" (e.g.
Ethernet, Token Ring) do you prefer?"
37 responders said Ethernet; 2 said "pick one and stick
with it"; 1 said token ring.
"If you have experience with two or more LAN technologies,
which have you found works better?"
Answers received:
"Ethernet works best" 7
"Ethernet works better than Token Ring" 4
"Depends on application" 1
"Ethernet works better than ARCnet" 1
"Ethernet works better than Broadband" 1
"Ethernet best, Localtalk 2nd, ARCnet 3rd" 1
"Ethernet works better than PhoneNet" 1
"Token Ring works best" 1
7. What is the ideal cable to install in a new building?
Distribution runs, i.e., phone closet to room: Best
possible thing to do is to leave usable pathways for future
expansion. Whatever you do, install at least 2 pair and
probably 4 pair of data grade unshielded twisted pair. It
will always have uses. Install something else too if you
are tied to a particular vendor. Multimode fiber might
become popular in the future but that is a gamble.
Riser runs, i.e., phone closet to phone closet: it is
imperative to leave usable pathways for future expansion.
For Ethernet, ThinWire is a usable riser cable, multimode
fiber is possible too.
8. What is the ideal cable to install between buildings on a campus?
Trunks, i.e., cables into the building: pathways for future
expansion very valuable. Multimode fiber is useful, run 24
fibers if you can. Use cable with some single mode too.
Run several times what you need initially and leave a lot
of the unused fiber unterminated for the time being. Cable
pulling & termination are much more costly than the cable
itself.
9. Whose routers are recommended?
Question & answer from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some router vendors whose routers you have used and
recommend:"
Cisco got 30 mentions; Wellfleet 4; PCRoute 2; Proteon 2;
Apple 1; DEC 1; Network Systems 1; Shiva 1; Vitalink 1;
3COM 1.
10. Whose bridges are recommended?
Question & answer from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some bridge vendors whose routers you have used and
recommend:"
DEC got 6 mentions; Retix 5; BICC 3; Cabletron 3; 3COM 3;
Cisco 2; PCBridge 2; Vitalink 2; ACC 1; Clearpoint 1;
Datability 1; Develcon 1; Dowty Scanet 1; HP 1; IBM (Token
Ring) 1; Network Application Technology 1; PCBRoute 1;
Wellfleet 1.
11. Whose Ethernet equipment are recommended?
Question & answer from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some Ethernet concentrator/transceiver/repeater
vendors whose Ethernet equipment you have used and
recommend:"
Cabletron got 20 mentions; BICC 8; DEC 8; HP 4; Synoptics
4; David 3; Lantronix 3; Gandalf 2; Lannet 2; Pirelli Focom
2; Acton 2; Allied Telesys 1; AMP 1; Asante 1; Chipcom 1;
Dowty Scanet 1; Dupont Electroptic 1; EAZY 1; Fibermux 1;
Hirschmann 1; IMC Network Corporation 1; NetCor
Transceivers 1; Sension 1; 3COM 1.
12. Whose Token Ring equipment are recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some Token Ring equipment vendors whose Token Ring
equipment you have used and recommend:"
IBM was mentioned by 6 responders; FiberMux 1; Madge 1;
Synoptics 1.
13. Whose FDDI equipment are recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some FDDI equipment vendors whose FDDI equipment you
have used and recommend:"
Cisco was mentioned by 6 responders; DEC 2; Tymeplex 2;
ALCATEL 2; AT&T 1; Synernetics 1; Tekelec 1.
14. What PC network software is recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some PC network software vendors whose PC network
software you have used or recommend:"
Novell was mentioned by 19 responders; FTP Software 14; Sun
8; DEC 3; Apple 2; Farallon 2; InterCon 2; 3COM 2; Beame
and Whiteside 1; Hummingbird Communications 1; IBM 1;
Microsoft 1; NCSA 1; Neon Software 1; Network Application
Technology 1; Sitka 1.
15. What protocols should run on a campus-wide LAN?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some protocols that you use to interconnect your
campus that you would recommend:"
TCP/IP was mentioned by 39 responders; Appletalk 9; DECNET
9; IPX 9; LAT 2; Coloured Book 2; G.703 2; ISO CONS 2;
X.25/HDLC 1; XNS 1.
16. What software is recommended for managing a campus-wide LAN?
Queries and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some network management system that you use for the
management of a campus LAN, that you recommend:"
PSI SNMP was mentioned by 4 responders; Cabletron Remote
LanView 2; Cisco NetCentral 2; Proteon Overview 2; SNMP 2;
"A good drawing program" 1; DEC EMA 1; Map 1; NEMISYS from
SEEL 1; SunNet Manager 1; TRW NMS 1.
"Name other software that you use for the management of a
campus LAN that you recommend:"
FTP LanWatch was mentioned by 3 responders; EtherPeek 2;
ping 2; AG Group Net Watchman for Appletalk 1; Apple
Interpoll 1; Clarkson Packet Driver Utilities 1; DEC LAN
Traffic Monitor 1; Domain Name System 1; inetrover 1; LAN
Patrol 1; Neon Software Netminder Localtalk 1; Neon
Software Netminder Ethernet 1; Network Application
Technology EtherMeter 1; Shiva Net Manager 1; SNMP-Gawk (A
SNMP-capable Gawk) 1; traceroute 1; Unix 1; Watchdog 1.
17. What terminal server is recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name vendors of terminal servers that you use and
recommend:"
Cisco was mentioned by 13 responders; DEC 5; Xyplex 4;
Datability 2; Xylogics 2; 3COM 2; Emulex 1; Lantronix 1;
Netcomm 1; Spider 1; TRW 1.
18. Whose troubleshooting equipment are recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some vendors of network troubleshooting equipment
that you use and would recommend:"
Network General was mentioned by 8 responders; HP 4;
Tektronix 4; Cabletron 3; Novell 3; Spider 3; AG Group 2;
Wandel and Goltermann 2; FOTEC 1; Neon Software 1.
19. What security products should I buy?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some security products that you use to maintain
security on your campus LAN that you recommend:"
The answers reflected the lack of obvious products to
choose from. Responses included "Athena Kerberos",
"Encryption in Net3270", "Extended TACACS', "Host
security", "Physical security", "Router access control
lists", "SecurID", "Virus Scan", and "Windows Workstation".
20. Should the names of devices on my campus LAN have subdomains?
Example of name without subdomain: bigvax.sequoia.edu;
example with subdomain: bigvax.acs.sequoia.edu. It is
possible to run networks of thousands of computers without
the bother of subdomains, but they have some advantages.
Queries and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"For Internet names of nodes on a campus network that
supports TCP/IP, do you prefer the use of subdomains?"
27 responders said yes, 5 said no, 2 said it depends.
"If you have worked on a campus that utilizes subdomains
and one that does not, which does your experience tell you
is the better way to administer names in a campus network?"
5 responders said the LAN with subdomains worked better; 2
said the LAN without subdomains worked better. One
responder claimed that a good rule of thumb is that a LAN
with more than 4000 stations works better with subdomains.
21. Should client stations use POP? Should they use just
SMTP? Should I use some non-TCP/IP protocol for mail
to/from client stations?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"For client station's mail, which do you prefer: SMTP;
TCP/IP-based client-server protocols (e.g. POP, POP2,
etc); other LAN protocols?"
10 responders preferred TCP/IP-based client-server
protocols (e.g. POP, IMAP, PCMAIL); 7 preferred SMTP; 4
said "use all three"; 3 preferred users signing onto a host
system; 2 preferred other LAN protocols; 1 said "SMTP and
TCP/IP-based client-server protocols"; 1 said "SMTP and
X.400".
22. Should I enable SQE/heartbeat?
This is a very brief discussion of SQE and CPT (both commonly
referred to as "heartbeat") for IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet. For
really gory details, see the appropriate documents, IEEE
standard 802.3, ISO standard 8802-3, and the DIX Ethernet V2
Standard. (The first 2 references are, in theory, identical.)
First, SQE and CPT are not quite the same thing. CPT is a part
of DIX Ethernet Version 2 and is simply a test of collision
detection functionality in the MAU (that's the correct name for
a transceiver, Media Access Unit). It is ALWAYS present in
Ethernet V2 MAUs and can't ever be disabled (without modifying
the hardware). It is required for correct operation of ALL
Ethernet V2 equipment.
SQE, on the other hand, is part of the 802.3 specification and
performs basic MAU tests and "reports" to the controller if all
is well. The "report" is in the form of a pulse nearly
identical to the V2 CPT pulse, but with slightly differing
timing specifications. It should be switchable, as 802.3
requires SQE for all terminal equipment, but prohibits it for
repeaters.
SQE and Heartbeat both appear as a signal in the collision lines
from the MAU to the controller after every write. This is why
MAUs with SQE enables and with displays show a collision every
time they show a write. THIS IS NORMAL!
Quick digression: What is a collision? Of course, we all know
that a collision is when two controllers start to transmit at
the same time (more of less) and that when this happens both
will stop and wait for a random interval and then retransmit if
carrier is not present. This function is critical to proper
network operation. A MAU which can't detect a collision can
mess up a network badly. This makes it critical to be able to
quickly isolate "broken" MAUs. If you don't understand this,
read any of the old papers on multiple access nets, especially
the old Aloha Net. Collisions are a normal part of Ethernets.
There is nothing "wrong" with having collisions. The name seems
to make people think that they are somehow bad. If you start to
feel that way, say to yourself 20 times before going to be
tonight: "Collisions are my friend."
Having said all of that, there is one type of collision that is
NOT your friend. The "Late Collision". This is a collision
which is generated more than 60 bytes into a packet. Since the
is "impossible", it indicates that something is seriously wrong.
Too long a cable, a bad MAU, or some other hardware problem. IF
you are getting late collisions, you are also likely corrupting
packets without knowing it because collisions are not being
properly detected.
In practice, MAUs hardly ever fail. BUT IF ONE DOES, YOU MAY
HAVE A BIG PROBLEM!
While SQE indicates a bit more than heartbeat did and is
slightly different in both timing and electrical
characteristics, they are essentially the same from the
perspective of most terminal equipment and you can replace an
Ethernet V2 MAU with an 802.3 MAU with SQE enabled most of the
time. (A notable exception is an Ethernet repeater which really
requires an Ethernet V2 MAU. There may be others.) You can even
replace an 802.3 MAU with an Ethernet V2 one most of the time.
In fact, there are "fixes" for some Ethernet V2 MAUs to disable
heartbeat and make them into something like an 802.3 MAU with
SQE disabled. This also seems to work almost all the time.
Anyone still with me? OK.
RULE FOR SQE. Always turn it on except for repeaters. There
should be no exceptions to this rule, but there are. Some
manufacturers can't seem to read standards (or just don't care).
As a result there are some terminal devices that get upset when
they see SQE. I have been told that this is true of the cisco
AGS, but not the IGS; not that there is any documentation on
this. Several email exchanges with cisco folks have not
clarified this.
There is one BIG special case, the Etherrnet fan-out box, most
commonly a DEC DELNI. This box has only one MAU, so it repeats
the CPT (it's a V2 device) that it sees from the MAU on the
"master" port. If the master port is disabled, CPT is generated
internally to keep things happy.
But, what if you plug a repeater into a DELNI? You can disable
CPT by using an 802.3 MAU with SQE disabled. or, if you don't
use the master port, turn it on and plug an Ethernet loopback
connector into the master port. In either case, CPT is disabled
to ALL PORTS! No way around this.
DELNIs produce other oddities. They reduce the maximum segment
length on segments connected to the master port to 300 meters
and shorten the maximum length of the AUI cable used between the
system and the DELNI by 5 meters. (And don't forget to include
the length of the cable between the interface and the connector
on the rear of the cabinet.) Because of these and other
oddities, I try to avoid DELNIs. And I NEVER EVER plug a
repeater of any type into one.
Other companies make 802.3 equivalents to the DELNI on which SQE
may be switched on each port. While this fixes one problem, the
timing concerns of fan-out boxes remains. Buyer beware!
Neither 802.3 nor Ethernet V2 standards cover fan-out boxes in
any way, so there is no way to really claim that they meet
standards (or don't).
We've now covered the basics. So what happens when a MAU fails?
In theory, every time it transmits a packet, an error is logged.
This happens on some equipment. But most software I've dealt
with simply ignores the error flag and does nothing. So SQE
makes absolutely no difference to these systems. THIS IS BAD
SOFTWARE DESIGN.
Once in a while a MAU does fail. If it is on some device that
does not log SQE failures or has a MAU with SQE turned off, you
don't know what is happening. If you are on 10BASE-T, it can be
isolated to a hub pretty quickly, but on coax you are reduced to
segmenting the cable (physically disconnecting it) until you
have isolated the problem. This is NOT fun and makes the
network manager very unpopular since the network tends to be
down for a LONG time. It took about 4 hours last time I had
this problem and could have taken longer.
What's a network manager supposed to do? Complain vigorously to
vendors of equipment that don't adhere to the standard.
Complain equally to vendors of software that doesn't bother to
log the failures. SNMP is no good if the agents don't have any
information to send out.
End of Memo: BIG-LAN Frequently Asked Questions
Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu comp.mail.misc:10271 news.answers:3545
Newsgroups: comp.mail.misc,news.answers
Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!snorkelwacker.mit.edu!micro-heart-of-gold.mit.edu!wupost!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!rpi!scott.skidmore.edu!psinntp!psinntp!newstand.syr.edu!spider.syr.EDU!jmwobus
From: jmwobus@mailbox.syr.edu (John Wobus)
Subject: LAN Mail Protocols Summary
Message-ID: <1992Oct16.133537.19263@newstand.syr.edu>
Followup-To: poster
Originator: jmwobus@spider.syr.EDU
Reply-To: jmwobus@mailbox.syr.edu
Organization: Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 92 13:35:37 EDT
Approved: jmwobus@mailbox.syr.edu
Lines: 198
Archive-name: LANs/mail-protocols
Serving PCs and Workstations Using a Central Mail Server on an Internet
------- --- --- ------------ ----- - ------- ---- ------ -- -- --------
There are advantages to collecting mail destined to PCs and
workstations on a central server, to be turned over to the PC or
workstation on demand:
- Your PC or workstation may be down quite a bit and less network
bandwidth and less of the processing resouces of the sending computer
are used if the computer receiving your mail is ready.
- Some people use more than one PC or workstation to read mail.
- A PC or workstation may not have the resources to store all the mail
you receive.
- It can make your e-mail address more like other users'.
The easiest way to "implement" this is to run the central mail server
like any multi-user system: let people sign on to it and use some mail
utility. Then PC and workstation users can use "terminal sessions" to
sign on to the central mail server and read their mail. This has the
disadvantage of making the PC and workstation users learn and use the
central mail server's procedures.
SMTP, the "internet" mail protocol used to deliver mail between
multi-user systems only supports mail transfer initiated by the
sender. Other protocols have been devised to allow a workstation or PC
to request transfer of mail, thus able to make use of a cnetral
server. These include the published protocols POP (probably not used
anymore), POP2, POP3, IMAP2, IMAP3 and DMSP.
POP, POP2, POP3: These are rather minimal and are designed to be so.
The three are similar but not enough alike to be interoperable. They
are basically designed to identify the user by username and password,
to transfer the mail from server to PC or workstation and to delete the
mail transferred. It is assumed that SMTP will be used to send mail.
Messages can be retrieved individually, but the only information you
can get about a message without transferring it is its length in
bytes-- useful for PCs with limited storage.
POP2 and POP3 are still used a good deal. POP3 has a couple of
optional extensions: one to avoid sending passwords, and one to aid in
reading bulletin boards.
IMAP2, IMAP3: The IMAP family is similar to the POP family, but also
gives clients a way to do string searches through mail that still
resides on the server. This is designed to allow the PC or workstation
to be more selective as to which mail will be transferred. The POP
protocols, on the other hand, are designed for simpler server
software.
IMAP2 is used quite a bit. IMAP3 is an incompatible offshoot that has
not been implemented much. Recent work not yet documented in an RFC
has extended IMAP2 to include support for multimedia mail.
DMSP (aka PCMAIL): PCs and workstations can use this protocol to both
send and receive mail. The system is designed around the idea that
each user can own more than one workstation; however, the system
doesn't seem to handle the idea of a "public workstation" very well.
The PCs and workstations are assumed to hold state information about
the mail, a directory so to speak, and when the PC or workstation is
connected to the server, this directory is updated to "reality".
More about the protocols:
Name: Post Office Protocol, Version 2
Nickname: POP2
Document: RFC 937 (Butler et al, February 1985)
TCP-port: 109
Sites:
Name: Post Office Portocol, Version 3
Nickname: POP3
Document: RFC 1225 (Rose, May 1991)
TCP-port: 110 (109 also often used)
Sites: UC Irvine, MIT
Name: Distributed Mail Service Protocol
Nickname: DMSP, Pcmail
Document: RFC 1056 (Lambert, June 1988)
TCP-port: 158
Sites: MIT
Name: Interactive Mail Access Protocol, Version 2
Nickname: IMAP2
Document: RFC 1176 (Crispin, August 1990)
TCP-port: 143
Sites: Stanford, U Washington
Name: Interactive Mail Access Protocol, Version 3
Nickname: IMAP3
Document: RFC 1203 (Rice, February 1991)
TCP-port: 220
Sites: Stanford
Implementations:
Prot Computer Implementation End Source
------ ----------- ------------------- ------- --------------------------------
DSMP PC pc-epsilon (3.1) client allspice.lcs.mit.edu
DSMP PC pc-netmail (3.1) client allspice.lcs.mit.edu
DSMP PC pc-reader client allspice.lcs.mit.edu
DSMP Unix Pcmail 3.1 reposit. server allspice.lcs.mit.edu
DSMP Unix/EMACS Pcmail 4.2 client allspice.lcs.mit.edu
DSMP PC PC/TCP client FTP Software
DSMP OS/2 PC/TCP client FTP Software
DSMP OS/2 TCP/2 client Essex Systems
DSMP OS/2 TCP/2 SERVER PACK server Essex Systems
DSMP OS/2 TCP/2 ADV CLIENT client Essex Systems
IMAP2 Macintosh MacMS 2.2.1 client sumex-aim.stanford.edu
IMAP2 Macintosh Mailstrom (beta) client sumex-aim.stanford.edu
POP2 Macintosh MacPOP 1.5 client trident.arc.nasa.gov
POP2 MS-DOS PC POP 2.1 client trident.arc.nasa.gov
POP3 Macintosh TCP/Connect II client InterCon Systems Corporation
IMAP2 NeXT EasyMail client ftp.cac.washington.edu
IMAP2 NeXT MailManager server ftp.cac.washington.edu
IMAP2 TOPS20 ? server ?
IMAP2 Unix ? client ftp.cac.washington.edu
IMAP2 Unix imapd 3.1 server sumex-aim.stanford.edu*
IMAP2 Unix/X ximap 0.7.2 client sumex-aim.stanford.edu
IMAP2 Unix imapd server ftp.cac.washington.edu
IMAP2 Unix pine client ftp.cac.washington.edu
IMAP2 Xrx Lsp Mch ? client ?
IMAP2 MS-DOS pine (future) client ?
IMAP2 MS-Windows ? client ?Some company in Canada
POP2 Macintosh POPMail II client boombox.micro.umn.edu
POP2 Macintosh MailStop server boombox.micro.umn.edu
POP2 MS-DOS LifeLine Mail client SunSelect
POP2 MS-DOS ka9q server ucsd.edu
POP2 MS-DOS MD/DOS-IP client U Maryland
POP2 MS-DOS PC/TCP client FTP Software
POP2 Unix ? server boombox.micro.umn.edu
POP2 Unix popd (USC-ISI) server trident.arc.nasa.gov
POP2 Unix imapd/ipop2d server ftp.cac.washington.edu
POP2 Unix mh-6.7 (UCI RandMH) server ftp.cc.berkeley.edu
POP2 VM FAL server IBM
POP2 VM ? server Texas Tech University
POP2 OS/2 TCP/2 SERVER PACK server Essex Systems
POP2 VMS MULTINet server TGV, Inc.
POP3 Macintosh Eudora 1.2.2 client ftp.cso.uiuc.edu
POP3 Macintosh Eudora 1.3 (in dev) client Not Yet
POP3k Macintosh Eudora X client run at Brown U.
POP3 Macintosh MacPOP (Berkeley) client ftp.cc.berkeley.edu
POP3k Macintosh TechMail 2.0 client net-dist.mit.edu
POP3 Macintosh MacMH client jessica.stanford.edu/info
POP3 Macintosh POPMail II client boombox.micro.umn.edu
POP3 Macintosh MailStop (soon) server UMinn
POP3t Unix popper-1.7 server ftp.cc.berkeley.edu
POP3 Unix popper-1.831 server ?
POP3 Unix mh-6.7 (UCI RandMH) both ics.uci.edu
POP3 Unix imapd/ipop3d server ftp.cac.washington.edu
POP3t MS-DOS PC/TCP client FTP Software
POP3 MS-DOS TechMail(future) client ?
POP3 MS-DOS ? client logos.ucs.indiana.edu
POP3 MS-DOS NUPOP (in beta) client (ftp.acns.nwu.edu)
POP3 MS-DOS POPMail/PC client boombox.micro.umn.edu
POP3 MS-DOS Eudora (alpha) client Qualcomm Inc (pc-eudora-info@qualcom.com)
POP3 MS-DOS ka9q (future) server ?
POP3 ? POPgate (Pmail gw) server risc.ua.edu
POP3x MSwindows WinQVT (2.1) client QPC Software (shareware)
POP3 MSwindows Eudora (future) client Qualcomm Inc (pc-eudora-info@qualcom.com)
POP3 MSwindows wnqvtnet client ftp.cica.indiana.edu
POP3 VMS IUPOP3 (1.7) (1.6?) server mythos.ucs.indiana.edu, logos?
POP3 VMS MULTINet both TGV, Inc.
POP3 OS/2 TCP/2 SERVER PACK server Essex Systems
POP3 OS/2 TCP/2 ADV CLIENT client Essex Systems
POP? MS-DOS UCDmail client ucdavis.ucdavis.edu
POP? MS-DOS PC POP client ?Bill Schweickert/Sterling Fed
POP? Macintosh MEWS client ?
POP? Macintosh byupopmail client ?
POP? VM ? server TTUVM1
? Macintosh Hypermail ? ?
------ ----------- ------------------- ------- --------------------------------
Appendix:
Some other packages for desktop systems
------ ----------- ------------------- ------- --------------------------------
uucp Macintosh uAccess peer ICE Engineering
SMTP Macintosh LeeMail 1.2.4 peer Shareware, laf@mitre.org
uucp Macintosh FernMail peer Shareware, dplatt@snulbug.mtview.ca.us
prop Macintosh MacPost both ftp.lu.se
uucp Macintosh Eudora peer ftp.cso.uiuc.edu
uucp Macintosh UUPC peer dplatt@snulbug.mtview.ca.us
uucp Macintosh gnuucp peer jim@fpr.com
? MS-DOS Pmail 2.3 (R1) client splicer.cba.hawaii.edu
? MS-DOS Pmail 2.3 (R2)(fut) client
? MS-Windows Pmain/Windows (fut) client
? Macintosh Pmail/Mac 1.1 client splicer.cba.hawaii.edu
? Macintosh Pmail/Mac 2.0(beta) client risc.ua.edu
------ ----------- ------------------- ------- --------------------------------
Other issues:
(1) What are the common extensions to POP3 and which clients/servers
support them?
POP3k - kerberos
POP3x - ?
POP3t - xtnd xmit facility--allows client to send mail through additional
POP commands, thus allowing server to verify/log source of mail.
------ ----------- ------------------- ------- --------------------------------
Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu comp.os.linux.announce:37 comp.os.linux:20812 news.answers:4588
Newsgroups: comp.os.linux.announce,comp.os.linux,news.answers
Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!news.media.mit.edu!micro-heart-of-gold.mit.edu!xn.ll.mit.edu!ames!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!caen!batcomputer!db.TC.Cornell.EDU!mdw
From: mdw@db.TC.Cornell.EDU (Matt Welsh)
Subject: [comp.os.linux.announce] Guidelines for posting
Message-ID: <1992Dec14.202427.14323@tc.cornell.edu>
Followup-To: poster
Keywords: announce posting guidelines
Sender: news@tc.cornell.edu
Nntp-Posting-Host: db.tc.cornell.edu
Organization: The Linux Inquisition, Propaganda Division
Date: Mon, 14 Dec 1992 20:24:27 GMT
Approved: linux-announce@tc.cornell.edu (Matt Welsh)
Lines: 111
Archive-name: linux-faq/announce/guide
Last-modified: 6 Dec 1992
HOW TO POST TO COMP.OS.LINUX.ANNOUNCE
This article gives info on how and what to post to comp.os.linux.announce.
Please read the whole thing, to avoid any confusion. :)
To submit an article to this group, please mail the article to:
linux-announce@tc.cornell.edu
If you have questions or problems with posting to comp.os.linux.announce,
please send mail to the moderators at:
linux-announce-request@tc.cornell.edu
Or, you may send mail to us directly. The moderators for this group are
Matt Welsh (mdw@tc.cornell.edu) and Lars Wirzenius (wirzeniu@cc.helsinki.fi).